POST GRADUATE DEGREE STANDARD

PAPER - I CODE:089

UNIT I
CELL INJURY AND CELL ADAPTATION
Ethiological factors and Mechanisms. Reversible Cell injury and Intracellular Accumulations of pigments and other substances. Adaptation to Cell injury or stress. Apoptosis - Hyperplasia - Hypertrophy - Metaplasia Atruphy

UNIT II
INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR
Morphological types of inflammation - serous Inflammation, Fibrinous Inflammation, Suppurative Inflammation, Haemorrhagic, Inflammation, Pseudomembranous Inflammation Cells of Acute inflammation and Chronic inflammation, Granuloma, Humoral patterns of Inflammation - Molecular basis of inflammatory events. Wound healing, repair of bone, local and systemic factors affecting repair.

UNIT III
INFECTIONS
Pathology and Pathogenesis of Bacterial infections like Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Venereal Diseases. Parasitic infections like Amoebiasis, Hydaid disease, Malaria, Leishmaniasis, Filariasis, Cysticercosis, Pneumocystitis Carni and Worm Infestations like Ascariasis, Hookworm, Pinworm, Threadworm, Schistosomiasis, Giardiasis. Viral Diseases:- Herpes, Measles, Influenza infectious Mononucleosis, Yellow fever, Cytomegaloyirus Fungal Infections: Mycetoma, Rhinosporidiosis, Candidiasis, Aspergillosis, Cryptococcosis, Mucormycosis, Chromoblastomycosis, Histoplasmosis.

UNIT IV
VASCULAR DISORDERS
Thrombosis, Embolism, Necrosis, Gangrene, Pigmentary Disorders, Jaundice, Hyperaemia, Congestion, Oedema and Infaraction

UNIT V
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INJURY AND RADIATION HAZARDS
Environmental and Occupational injury.

UNIT VI
DISORDERS OF GROWTH
Neoplasms, Carcinogenesis, Benign and Malignant Tumour Spread of Tumours, Epithelial and connective tissue tumours, Epidemiology of cancer, Genetic basis of Neoplasia, Tumour immunity,Carcinogenesis - Physical, Chemical,Viral Radiation, Lab Diagnosis of Cancer with emphasis on Tumour Markers, flow and image Cytometry.

UNIT VII
GENETICS
Human chromosomes, Normal and Abnormal Karyotypes Autosomal and sex chromosomal defects genes and disease, Inheritance patterns.

UNIT VIII
METABOLIC DISORDERS
Storage Disorders, Other Metaboli

UNIT IX
IMMUNOLOGY
Immune response, Histocompatibility Antigens, Immunoglobulins, Lymphocytesubsets, Hypersensitivity disorders, Autoimmune diseases, Humoral and Cellular immunity, Cytokines, Primary immunodeficiency, severe combined immuno-deficiency associated with other defects, opportunistic cancers in Immunodeficiency.
(a)ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (AIDS):- Epidemiology, clinical course, HIV 1 and HIV2, Pathogenesis of AIDS Manifestations of AIDS, AIDS associated diseases infective and Neoplastic, laboratory diagnosis, Paediatric AIDS, AIDS in Pregnancy.
(b)TRANSPLANTATION PATHOLOGY:- Rejection Phenomenon - Pathogenesis and Pathology,Graft versus host reaction.
(c)AMYLOIDOSIS:- Pathology and Pathogenesis, Manifestations, Diagnosis and Laboratory investigations.

UNIT X
NUTRITION
Types and consequences of malnutrition, vitamin deficiency, deficiency of mineralsm trace elements, obesity - pathogenesis and metabolic aspects, Medical complications.

UNIT XI
PRIONS
Molecular pathogenesis of Prions human prion disease, diagnostic criterion of human prion's disease.

UNIT XII
HAEMATOLOGY
Plasma Cell dyserasis. Anaemias - Iron deficiency, Megaloblastic, Haemolytic and aplastic, Polycythemia, Methhemoglobinemia and Porphyria. Leucocytosis, Leukaemias - acute and chronic, agranulocytosis, Myelofibrosis, Haemophagocytic syndrome. Hemorrhagic disorders.

UNIT XIII
IMMUNO HAEMATOLOGY
ABO and Rh blood grouping systems, Blood component preparations - Antibody detection and identification, quality assurance, Transfusion reactions and screening technics.

UNIT XIV
AUTOPSY
Purpose, methodology, technical factors.

UNIT XV
CYTOPATHOLOGY
Principles of cytomorphology - preparations of Cellular specimen. From female genital tract, body cavity fluids and other sites.

UNIT XVI
FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY
ENAC of superficial organs. ENAC of deep organs.

UNIT XVII
INFORMATICS
Laboratory information systems - Emerging Technologies.

UNIT XVIII
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Technical issues, ultra structural diagnosis of tumour biopsy, ultrastructural diagnosis of non tumourous lesions.

UNIT XIX
HISTOCHEMISTRY
Applications in specific organs -Tumour diagnosis and other applications.

UNIT XX
IMMUNOHI STOCHEMISTRY
Immuno histochemistry as laboratory test, immunohistochemistry limitations and current applications.

UNIT XXI
INSITU HYBRIDISATION
Methods and applications

UNIT XXII
FLOW AND IMAGING CYTOMETRY
Flow cytometry and diagnostic pathology, Methodology, applications. Principles and technics in image analysis and its clinical applications.

UNIT XXIII
CELLULAR PATHOLOGY TECHNICS
Fixatives, processing, microtomes, staining procedures and impregnation Special stains for protein, Carbohydrate fat, enzymes, nucleic acids, amyloid, metals calcium and iron, connective tissue, fungus and abnormal cell accumulations etc.,

UNIT XXIV
RECENT ADVANCES

PAPER -II

UNIT I
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Congenial heart disease, Rhematic heart disease - Pathogenesis and Pathology, Bacterial Endocarditis, Cardiomyopathies, Atherosclerosis, Coronary heart disease, Myocardial infarction, Hypertensive heart disease, Aneurysms, Congestive cardiac failure, Myocarditis, Pericarditis, Tumours of heart and blood vessels, Vasculitis.

UNIT II
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Pneumonias, Bronchiectasis, Pulmonary vascular disease, Lung Abscess, Empyema, Pneumoconiosis, Atelectasis, Chronic obstructive Pulmonary airway disease, Acute Respiratory distress syndrome, Immunologic lung disease, Collagen vascular disease, Pulmonary vasculitis, Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia and Pulmonary fibrosis, lung tumours Pleural tumours - Mesothelioma

UNIT III
MOUTH AND OROPHARYNX
Cysts, Premalignant and Malignant Tumours, Odontogenic cysts and Tumours.

UNIT IV
SALIVARY GLANDS
Sialadenitis, Sialolithiasis, Tumours ofSalivary Glands.

UNIT V
OESOPHAGUS
Reflux Esophagitis, Oesophagealatresia, Barret's Oesophagus, Oesophageal Tumours.

UNIT VI
STOMACH AND DUODENUM
Piptic Ulcer, Gastritis, Tumours of Stomach.

UNIT VII
SMALL INTESTINE
Tuberculosis, Malabsorption, Lymphoma and Other Tumours, Infections, Circulatory Disturbances.

UNIT VIII
APPENDIX
Appendicitis, Tumours, Pseudomyxoma Peritonei.

UNIT IX
LARGE INTESTINE (RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL)
Amoebiasis, Bacillary Dysentery, Hirscheprungs disease, Pulyps,Ulcerative Colitis, Crohns disease, Meckels Diurticulum, Adenocarcinoma, Hemorrhoids, Fistula, Sinus, Fissures,Circulatory Disturbances, Volvulus and Other Tumours.

UNIT X
LIVER, GALL BLADDER AND PANCREAS
Investigation of liver disease, viral hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Hapatocellular Carcinoma, and other Tumours Metastatic Lesions, Gall stones, Cholecystitis, Tumours, Pancreatitis, and Tumours, Partal Hypertension, Ascites, Pseudopancreatic Cyst, Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis, Non Cirrhotic Portal Fibrosis, Neonatal Hepatitis, Drug - Induced Hepatitis, Lupoid Hepatitis, Liver Diseases associated with enzyme defects - Gilberts, Dubin Johnson Syndrome, Budd CHIARI Syndrome, cystic lesions of lever, Non-viral lesions of liver.

UNIT XI
URINARY SYSTEM
Nephritis, Nephrotic syndrome, Chronic Glomerulonephritis, Pyelonephritis, Renal Tuberculosis, Polycystic Kidney, Urinary calculi, Hydronephrosis, Tumours Investigation ofRenal disease, Classification ofRenal disease, Pathogenesis of Renal diseases - Immunologic and Non Immunologic,Glomerular Lesions associated with disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, Renal disease complicating Pregnancy Tubulointer stitial Nephritis, Renal vascular disease - Hypertension,Acute tabular Necrosis and Acute renal failure, Glomerular lesions associated with systemic disorders -SLE, Diabetes, Pulyarteritisnodosa, Malaroplakia, Cystitis, Urethral caruncle and other lesions Tumour of Urinary Bladder.
UNIT XII
MALE GENITAL SYSTEM
Squamous Cell carcinoma of Penis, Benigu Adenomatous Hyperplasia of Prostate, Tumours of Prostate, Undescended testis, Orchitis, Tumours of Testis Lab Diagnosis ofSterility, Premalignant Lesions of Penis, Mechanical Trauma and Haemodynamic disorders of Scrotum.

UNIT XIII
MALE GENITAL SYSTEM
ermaphroditism, Congenital and Acquired Lesions of Penile Urethra and Glans Penis. Paratesticular Tumours.

UNIT XIV
FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM
Uterus - Endometriol Cyclical changes, hormonal changes, hyperplasia -Dysfunctional Uterine bleeding and tumours.
CERVIX
Human papilloma virus infection and its role in cervical cancer, cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia CIN, Carcinoma Cervix. TUBES AND OVARIES:- Non neoplastic lesions and Cysts neoplastic lesions, torsion, and ectopic gestation. PLACENTA:- Gestational trophoblastic disease, tumours and infarction.

UNIT XV
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Muscle biopsy, Myopathy, Myositis, dystrophy, atrophy and hypertrophy. Bone Inflammatory lesions - Osteomyelitis, Neoplastic lesions - benign and malignant, degenerative lesions like osteoarthritis, traumatic and metabolic lesions. Diseases of bursae, tendons and fasica.

UNIT XVI
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND PERIPHRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Infections, degenerative lesions, metabolic and toxic lesions, neural lesions including neoplasms.
UNIT XVII
ENDOCRINES THYROID
Inflammatory and neoplastic
PARATHYROID:-
Hyper and hyopostates, and neoplasms.
PITUTARY:-
Dysfunction and tumours
ADRENAL CORTEX:-
Hyper and Hypofunction, tumours.
ADRENAL MEDULLA:-
Tumourfs - Pheochromosystema, Neuroblastoma.
ENDOCRINE PANCREAS:-
Diabetes meltitors, and Multiple endocrine neoplasia

UNIT XVIII
BREAST
Non neoplastic and neoplastic lesions.

UNIT XIX
RETICULO ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
Spleen - Splenomagaly, Lymph node - Lymphadenitis, and lymphoms. Recent concepts regarding various types of lymphoma.

UNIT XX
THYMUS AND MEDIATINUM
Infections, tumours and tumour like lesions.

UNIT XXI
EAR, NOSE, THROAT
Polyps, tumours and tumour like lesions, Otitis media, Cholesteatoma.

UNIT XXII
EYE
Infections and tumours and Tumour like lisions.
UNIT XXIII
SKIN
Neoplastic and non neoplastic lesions and preneoplastic lesions.
UNIT XXIV
RECENT ADVANCES