POST GRADUATE DEGREE STANDARD

PAPER -I CODE:008

UNIT I
Micro and macro economics - Agricultural economics : Nature and scope - consumer behaviour and theories - utility - indifference curve - revealed preference theory - elasticity of demand - theory of production and costs - theory of firm - profit maximisation and duality - Dynamic demand and supply function.

UNIT II
Market Structure - factor market - perfect competition - monopoly - monopolistic competition - oligopoly - general equilibrium analysis - income distribution - social choice theory- Public goods - welfare economics.

UNIT III
National income - concepts and accounting - Keynesian economics, consumption, investment and government expenditure - concept of multiplier and accelerator -money market - interest - integration of money and product and labour markets.

UNIT IV
Inflation: Theories and Policies - employment - banking - public finance - fiscal and and monetary policy - business cycles - economic growth - economic liberalisation and macro economic policies - rational expectations - institutional economics.

UNIT V
Role of agriculture in economic development - agriculture in five year plants -agriculture Vs. industry - agricultural resources - food and nutritional security - land tenure and reforms - poverty inequality and unemployment - measurement of development - population policies.

UNIT VI
Theories of agricultural development - rural development programmes - gender discrimination.

UNIT VII
Agricultural marketing: concepts - maraket functions - structure - marketing efficiency regulated market, co-operative marketing - Warehousing and commodity boards - future markets.

UNIT VIII
Agricultural input markets - Commission on agricultural costs and prices - methods of agricultural price fixing - price support programmes - agricultural supply and demand models - agricultural subsidies - time series analysis of agricultural prices - commodity models - spatial equilibrium of agricultural market.

UNIT IX
Agricultural finance - sources of agricultural finance - commercial banks and co-operative banks - credit structure - evaluation of agricultural credit policies - service area approach - NABARD- Self help groups - performance of agricultural credit programmes

UNIT X
Agricultural project preparation - project cycle - defining and identification of costs and benefits - measures of project worth - project appraisal and management - B2-C2 - ratio, NPV and IRR - sensitivity analysis - use of network technique - project monitoring and evaluation.


PAPER -II

UNIT I
Farm management - definition - application of economic principles in farm management relationship between farm management and production economics - resource management and allocation - yield gap - returns to scale - economics of scale - technology and input use - decision theory and expected utility hypothesis.

UNIT II
Optimisation of farm resource use - factor - factor, factor-product and product- product relationships - forms of production functions - production in dynamic setting policy impact on production - cost concepts - types of risk - estimation of risk - management response to risk - risk programming.

UNIT III
Farm efficiency - technical and economic - farm efficiency measures - balance sheet -income statement - farm records - farm planning - partial budgeting, whole farm bedgetting, linear programming, investment analysis.

UNIT IV Natural resources : Renewable and non-renewable - land, land use pattern - land degradation - land use planning - optimal management of land, water, forests and fisheries - energy management - common property resources -investment decisions related to resource development - relationship between conservation, extraction and exploitation of resources - dynamics of resource use planning for economic growth and sustainality - resource mapping: GIS and remote sensing data - natural resource use policies, incentives, and programmes.

UNIT V
Concept and theory of enviornmental economics - environmental problems of developing countries - conflict between technology and environmental protection - measurement of environmental impact - Environmental protection : legislation, taxes, subsidies and effluent charges - role of government in resource and environmental management.

UNIT VI
Scope and gains from international Trade-Terms of trade comparative costs -trade policy -tariffs and quotas for agricultural commodities - effects of monopoly, cartels and price discrimination - state trading in agricultural commodities - case for free- multilateral Trade.

UNIT VII
Balance of trade and balance of payment - foreign exchange: fixed, ,multiple and flexible rates - IMF, IBRD, IDA and IFC on agricultural development of developing countries - import and export procedures - impact of GATT and WTO on international agricultural trade - financing of export of agricultural products -infrastructure for promoting agricultural exports.

UNIT VIII
Importance and scope of research in agricultural economics - approach to research research process - hypothesis formation - testing of hypothesis - sampling theory and sampling design - probaility theory - survey methods - questionnaire designing and testing - rural rapid appraisal (RRA) Vs Household survey.

UNIT IX
Econometrics - definition - simple regression - multiple regression - OLS and MLE estimation - multicollinearity, hetero scedasticity and autocorrelation - estimation of simultaneous equation - applications of econometrics to agricultural policy analysis.

UNIT X
Linear programming : Concepts and theories - problems formulation - minimisation and maximisation problem - simplex method - duality - sensitivity analysis of the LP model Applications of LP in farm planning and regional planning.