SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AND AGRICULTURAL
STRUCTURES
UNIT I
SURVEYING
Surveying -uses -Instruments and necessaries - methods
of suyveying - computatiaon of area - triangulation,
interesction, traversing, cross staff survey - place
table survey -earth work computation - simps on trapezoidal
rule - reduction of levelling data by rise and fall
method and height of collimnation method-contoruing
-profile surveying -cross section survey.
UNIT II
HYDROLOGY
Hydrology - measurement of rainfall, evaporation, infiltration
- instruments used for measurement - estimation of runoff
- factors affecting runoff - computation of volume of
runoff and peak flow-unit hydregraph.
UNIT III
SOIL CONSERVATION
Soil erosion - types - factors affecting erosion by
water and wind - stages of water erosion - types of
wind erosion - biological control measures - contour
farming, strip cropping, mixed cropping, inter cropping
, mulching -mechanical control measures-their suitability
for different conditions -design of contour bunds, granded
bunds, terraces, contour stone wall-gully control structures-
check dams-wind erosion control -universal soil loss
equation.
UNIT IV
FLUID MECHANICS AND IRRIGATION
Hydraulics of flow - open channel flows, steady and
non steady, uniform and non-uniform, laminar and tubulent,
rotational and irratitaional flow - Reynold's Number,
Frowde Number - Velocity distribution - critical depth
-hydraulic jump-Orifice-mouthpiece-weights and flumes
-co-efficient of discharge-chezy's and mannings'formula
-most efficient cross section for maximum flow - Irrigation
-need-measurement of irrigation water - units and inter
relationship surface and subsurance conveyance of irrigation
water-merits- duty, delta-base period relationship -irrigation
methods gravity and pressure irrigation system and their
adoptability -water requirement of crops-on farm water
management.
UNIT V
WELLS AND PUMPS
Ground water occurance-aquifers-types,wells-types and
methods of contruction -swell development -screens-gravel
packing radius of influence -transmissibility -artificial
recharge - pumps-types and suitability -selection of
pumps based on energy requirement and water requirement.
UNIT VI
SOIL WATER - PLANT RELATIONSHIP:
Soil water - types -field capacity, wilting point, permanent
and ultimate wilting point -available soil moisture-scheduling
of irrigation-irrgation efficiencies-conveyance, application,storage
and distribution efficiencies-crop and filed water use
efficiencies project efficiency - consumptive use.
UNIT VII
DRAINAGE:
Drainage - water logging -benefits of proper drainage-surface
and subsurface methods- drainage co-efficient-bio-drainage-well
drainage-mole drainage -salt affected soil, reclamation-leaching
requirement.
UNIT VIII
WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT:
Waterished - Concept land capability classification,
gully and ravine reclamation - water harvesting, micro
catchments -farm pond percolation pond-selection of
suitable soil and water conservation practice - planning.
UNIT IX
FARM IRIGATION STRUCTURES:
Surface conveyance structures-earthern channels-lined
channels-advantages of lining-materials of lining-design
of channel cross section-crossing control structures-drop
spillway, chute spillway, pipe inlet spill way-crossing
structures-culvert, inversted shyphon aquident -their
uses. Under ground pipe line system - component structures
and their functions-types of points used in under ground
pine lines.
UNIT X
FARM STRUCTURES:
Materials of construction -quality-bearing capacity
of the soil-factor of safety -types of masonry-foundation,basement
and supferstructure-types of roofs-building plan and
estimation. requirements of farm house, threshing floor,
drying floor, poultry house, dairy farm, rat proof godown,
construction procedure-estimating storage requirements
of farm products-silos-farm roads -types stability test
for retaining structures-earthern dams-flownet-gravity
dams-design features.
PAPER -II
FARM POWER &
MACHINERY AND POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY
UNIT I
Thermodynamics and heat engines - Laws of Thermodynamics
- cycles - gas laws - air standard cycles - Otto cycle
- Diesel cycle and dual combustion cycle - Thermal efficiency.
I.C. engines - classification - construction - S.I,
C.I engines - two stroke, four stroke engines - working
principles - valve timing diagrams - Air-fuel ratio
- Carburation - combustion - Governor - cooling - lubrication
- performance - Characteristics - heat balance - thermal
efficiency.
UNIT II
Tractors, power tillers and earth moving machinery.
Tractors - types - fuel system - lubrication and cooling
system. Transmission system - clutch - gear box - speed
reduction - differential - final drive wheels - tyres
- size - inflation - ballast. Hydraulic system - working
principle. Steering - alignment. PTO - best pulley Draw
bar - three point linkage - draft control. Brake. Tractor
testing. Power tiller - types - transmission system
- controls - balancing - Care and maintenance of tractors
and power tillers. Bulldozer - transmission system -
shovel and its actuation tracks and suspension - steering.
Well drilling machines - rig - jack hammers - rotary
drilling - compressors.
UNIT III
Theory of machines and design of Agricultural machinery:-
Kinematics links - pairs - chain - four bar linkage
- velocity and acceleration - velocity polygon. Friction
- pivot - collar - bearing. Transmission - belt - chain
and gear. Gear trains Cam profile - simple harmonic
and cycloidal motion - uniform angular velocity. Balancing
of masses - Vibration - free and forced. Gyroscopic
theory. Stress - stress concentration - bending - torsion
and factor of safety. Design of shafts - key - couplings
- beams - belt. Bearing - selection and installation.
Fits and tolerance - force fit - shrink fit.
UNIT IV
Farm implements and equipments:-
Tillage - Primary and secondary tillage implements -
mould board plough - disc plough - cultivator - harrows
- disc harrow - sub soiler - ridger - bund former. Hitching
- adjustments - force measurement - draft - weight transfer.
Puddler, green manure trampler, cage wheels and levels
or seed drills and planters - seed cum fertilizer drills
- adjustments and operation. Low land seeders- transplanters.
Weeding tools - intercultural implements. Operation
of tillage, sowing, planting and weeding implements
- field efficiency. Plant protection equipments - sprayers
and dusters - types - operation, care and maintenance.
Harvesting machinery - classification and types. Selection
of farm implements and machinery for different size
holdings and cropping pattern - cost economics.
UNIT V
Unit operations in Agricultural processing:-
Unit operations - classifications. Evaporators - types.
Mechanical separations - filtration - sedimentation
- settling - centrifugal separation - size reduction
and its equipments - mixing - blending - emulsification
- mixing index. Contact equilibrium separation processes
- gas absorption. Extraction - crystallization - distillation.
Equipments used for the above process.
UNIT VI
Process engineering of Agricultural and Horticultural
Crops:-
Engineering properties of food materials - moisture
content - psychometry. Threshing. Drying - thin layer
drying - deep bed drying - types of heat sources. Cleaning
and grading - principles - separators - efficiency -
Performance index. Shelling and decortication - seed
processing and layout of seed processing units. Rice
processing - parboiling. Dehusking of paddy - machines
used. milling of wheat, corn and pulses. Material handling
conveyors - elevators. Storage - conditions for safe
storage - bag and bulk storage - modified atmosphere
storage - storage structures. Equipments used for processing
of horticultural crops - Vegetable seeds - preservation
of fresh fruits and vegetables - drying and dehydration-
Processing of coffee - tea - rubber - cashewnut - coconut
- oil palm - tobacco - aromatic plants - flowers - spices.
UNIT VII
Heat transfer and refrigeration:-
Heat transfer laws - conduction - convection - types
- heat exchangers. Radiation concept of black body and
gray body. Refrigeration principles - carnot, Bell coleman
cycles - Entropy - enthalpy concepts - Wet and dry compression.
Under cooling - super heating. Refrigerants. Application
of refrigeration in food industries - cold storage of
fruits and vegetables and other perishables - cooling
load calculations. Types and functioning of air conditioning
- humidification and dehumidification - room dehumidifiers
- storage environmental control.
UNIT VIII
Food and Dairy Engineering:-
Constituents of food - pigments and colours - nutritive
aspects - Washers - manufacture of fruit juices - pasteurization
- sterilization - canning. Reaction kinetics - decimal
reduction time - thermal death time. Concentration of
foods. Dehydration of food - drying and types - preservation
of food by irradiation. Microwave and dielectric heating
of foods. Fats and oil processing - extraction methods
and equipments. Food processing plants. food packaging,
milk - processing and its by products manufacturing.
Packaging of milk and milk products. Steam and refrigeration
requirement.
UNIT IX
Solar, wind and biogas energy technologies:-
Electrochemical cells. Decomposition potential - photoelectric
cells - fuel cells - Electromotive force and its measurement
- corrosion - electrochemical coating - galvanizing
- paints - proximate and ultimate analysis of material
constituents - Natural gas - Energy plantations and
producer gas production - Biogas plants - domestic and
community biogas plants - Duel fuel engines - Solar
energy application in domestic and agricultural application
- Water heaters, cookers- pumps - dryers - Photovoltaic
cells.
UNIT X
Agricultural Wastes and biproduct utilisation:-
Crop residues and farm wastes for energy production
- Silica from rice husk - Production of wastes for paper
making - coconut husk, shell utilisation - utilisation
of wastes from fruits - weeds.
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