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GRADUATE DEGREE STANDARD |
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1.1
PLANT DIVERSITY - I:-
Structure, reproduction and classification of Algea,
Fungi, Lichens, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms,
Ecology and Evolutionary trends.
1.2
PLANT DIVERSITY - II:-
Taxonomy of Angiosperms - classifications of Bentham
and Hookers, Engle & Prantl and Hutchinson. Numercial
Taxonomy and Chemotaxonomy. Plant Anatomy - wood anatomy;
Anomalous Secondary Growth - Anatomy of C3 - C 4 leaves;
stomatal types - Nodal Anatomy. Angiosperm Embryology
- Incompatibility (gametophytic and Sprophytic) barriers
to sexual incompatibility,
1.3
CELL BIOLOGY:-
Cell as a unit structure and function - cell Theory.
Organization of Prokaryotic and Eukmyotic CellsUltrastructure
and Chemistry of plant Cell walls. Cell organelles:
Utrastructural details and functions, including cytoplasmic
membranes. Organization of Chromosomes and special types
of Chromosomes. Cell - division: Mitosis and Meiosis
Chromosomal behaviour and their cytological significance.
1.4
MORPHOGENESIS AND TISSUE CULTURE:-
Polarity, Symmetry and Totipotency, Morphogenetic Centres
of origin and organization. Differentiation dediffer
enteations and re-differentiation of cells and organs.
Morphogenetic factors. Methodology and application of
cell, tissue, organ and protoplas culture from vegetative
and reproductive parts - Meristerm culture and its significance.
Somatic hybride and cybrids. Synthetic seeds and their
appliaction.
1.5
GENETICS - I:-
Mendelian Genetics - Development of Genetics and gene
concept. Sex chromosomes and sex - linked inhertance,
Cytoplasmic inheritance. Chromosome theory of inheritance,
linkage, Chromosome mapping and Karyotype analysis.
Male sterility and its significance. Population Genetics
- Non random mating; Genetic Drift Hand-wienbing law.
Plant Breeding - objecties of Plant breeding. Breeding
methods for self - pollinated and cross pollinated plants.
Selection Methods including distant hybridization method.
Role of Polyploidy and induced mutations in crop improvement.
Heterosis and Inbreeding Depression.
1.6
GENETICS - II:-
Molecular Genetics: Nucleic Acids as genetic material
- Structure and role of Nucleic acids in protein synthesis
and replication. Modern concept of the gene - cistron,
Recon and Muton. Genetic code and regulation of gene
Expression; Gene amplification - Transposons, modifiers
of gen expression. Meiotic Drive, Penetrance and expressivity,
Genic interaction, Multiple factor intraction.
1.7
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY:-
Water relations of plants. Ion transport - Photosynthesis:
mechanism and importance. Photo - Chemical reactions.
Photo - Phosphorylation - Photolysis of water. Quantum
efficienty - Carbon fixation in C3 - C 4 cycles. CAM
pathway Photo - respiration. Respiration and Fermentation
- Respiratory Metabolism-Ghycolysis-TCA cycle (Kreb's)
Electron Transport chain - Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway - C6/C1 ratio; Pyruvate
metabolism. Respiratory control and uncouplers. Nitrogen
Metabolism. Biological Nitrogen fixation - Nitrate and
sulphate Reduction - Ammonia assimilation GS/GOGAJ Pathyway.
Biosynthesis of Amino-acids-Reductive amination and
transmination - Role of ureides and amides. Plant growth
substances - Phytochrome and its role. Clacium - caldmoludin
concept - Agrochemicals - Stress physiology (abiotic
and Biotic Stress). Physiology of fruit development.
1.8
BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS:-
Biopolymers - Structure and Chemistry of Carbiohydrates,
liquids, proteins and their monomers. Laws of Thermodynamic,
concept of Free - energy. Energy - rich compounds -
Bioenergetics: Structure and role of ATP ATP - Cycle.
Enzymes - Nature, Properties, Significance of conformation.
Nomenclature. Mechanism of Action, Enzyme kinetics -
Michelis - Menton constant. Regulation and modulation
of enzyme action. Isoenzymes, Enzyme Catalysis and Ramachandran's
curve Fats Acids and Lipid Biosynthesis and Metabolism
- Gluconeogenesis and B - oxidation. Secondary Metabolities
- Alkoloids, Steroids, Terpones, Phenolics, Glycosides
- their chemical nature and role.
1.9
MICROBIOLOGY:-
Structure, Classification, mode of nutrition, reproduction
of viruses, Mycoplasama, Bacteria and Prostozoa. Microbes
in air, soil and water. Pollution control using Micro
- organisms - Role of microbes in waste water treatment.
Biofertilizer, Food Microbiology - Agricultural Microbiology
and Industrial Microbiology.
1.10
PLANT PATHOLOGY:-
Important plant diseases in Tamil Nadu caused by viruses,
Bacteria, Mycoplasma, Fungi and Nemarods, Modes of infection
and dissimination. Physiology of Host - Parasite interaction
- Host-in-built-defence mechanisms and methods of control
- Biocontrol agents. Mechanism of action of microbes
in higher plants. Role of Biocides. Integrated pest/pathogen
Management.
PAPER - II
2.1
BIOTECHNOLOGY:-
Definition - Historical account - Scope and importance
of Biotechnology - Genetic Engineering and Gene cloning
strategies. Vectors in gene cloning - plasnuids, Cosmids,
Bacteriophages - Role in gene - transfer technology
- Remombinant DNA Technology - Isolation and purification
of DNA - DNA-sequencing; DNA - engineering through cutting
and joining; Restriction endonucleases and ligases.
Methods of direct gene transfer; Hybridoma technology
- potentialities and limitations of Biotechonology.
Transfer of novel gene including nif - genes. Expression
of plant / animals genes in Bacteria.
2.2
APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE AND MEDICINE
:-
Monoclonal antibodies production; interferon production
- Insulin Production - Humulin Production. Application
of Biotechnology in Agriculture - Crop improvement and
evolving of transgenic plants to combat diseases, insect,
pest and abiotic stresses - (Salt, heat, drought and
frost). Bt genes and biocide production. Microbial biotechnology
- fermentation technology - fermentation as a biochemical
process - Bioconversion - alcholic beverages production,
Antibiotics, fermentation Production of amino acids
and vitamine organic acids production Microbial SCP
production.
2.3
ENVIRONMENTAL BOTANY - I :-
Definition - History - scope and relationship of Environmental
Botany to other Sciences. Modern concept of Ecosystem
- Synecology - Modern concept of Biotic - Community.
Major and minor communities. Method of studying plant
communities, Principles of Phytogeography. Major ecosystems
of the world. Their distribution and centres of accumence.
Vegetation types of India. Willis age and Area Hypothesis,
Wegener's continental Drift hypothesis, Endemism.
2.4
ENVIRONMENTAL BOTANY - II :-
Biogeochemical cycles. Plant indicators. Environmental
pollution and abatement - water, air, land, radiation,
noise, acid, rain green house effect. O Zone depletion,
Brand outline of marine ecosystem and management, soil
fertility and reciemation. Land application of sewage
sludge. Advantages and disadvantages of sludge control
and recommendation. Environmental management and legislation
- Environmental conservation strategies. Environmental
management and legislation Ecotechnology - formal and
non - formal environmental education. Afforestation;
Green - jobs, creating awareness among target - site
people (villages, Tribals, students, intellectuals,
legislators/Policy makers) Inculcating environmental
education is curriculam of school, college and University
levels.
2.5
BIORESOURCES :-
Definition - scope - enumeration and documentation of
Bioresources. Energy plantation. Hydrocarbons, Agroforestry,
Social Forestry. Conventional fossil - fuel energy.
Non - conventional energy sources (solar, wind, tidal,
atomic) - Biophotolysis and hydrogen photo - production.
Utilization and degradation of cellulose and lignin
(litter) sewag. and Garbage disposal. Bio - degradable
and non - biodegradeble garbage for waste. Utilization
- conversion into manure (vermicompost) Hon - biodegradeble
substances disposal by incineration. Biogas from Biomass.
Methanogenesis.
2.6
SEED BIOLOGY :-
Definition - scope - Importance seed as source of enriched
nutrients - Chemical composition of cereals, millets,
Common pulses and common oil - seeds. Seed development,
phases of growth. Synthesis and Accumulation of food
reserves (Storage proteins, Carbohydrates, lipids oils)
Physiology of seed dermancy and germination. Methods
to overcome seed dermancy. Early physiological events
of seed germination. Hydrolysis and mobilisation of
reserve food materials, from storage organ tissuses
to the germinating embroyonal axis. Seed certification
and quaramtime.
2.7
BIOSTATISTICS :-
Sampling techniques. Central values (mean, mode, median).
Dispersions: absolute Relative Probability: Binominal
properties, problems, fitting Poissions, Normal, Skewness,
Kurtosis Correlations and Regressions - simple linear
Testing - Large sample, T test - x square ANOVA - 2
way Experimental Design - Principles, CRD , RBD, LSD,
Missing plots.
2.8
ETHMOBOTANY :-
Definition - scope - Tribes of Tamil Nadu - Their Socio
- economic status Demography and distribution Flok -
lore Ethno - Medicines Linkages with other sciences.
Ethno - food - linkages with other sciences. Ethnopolitics
Tribal involvement in Biodiversity conservation. Policies
and programmes for upliftoment of the various tribes
in Tamil Nadu.
2.9
ECONOMIC BOTANY :-
Study of plants as sources of food, (cereals, millets,
pulses oilseeds) fodder, forage, fatty acids, essential
oils, wood, timber, fibre, paper rubber beverages, spices
and condiments, drugs, narcotics Resins and gums, dyes
and tannings, insecticides and pesticides, ornamental
and medicinal - plants as indigenous medicine system
(siddha, Ayurveda & Unai) Bioactive compounds.
2.10
BIODIVERSITY CONVERSTION :-
The need and necessity, Rio de Jeneiro Earth, Summit
(1992) Leipzig (w. Germany) Earth Summit (1995) Problems
in patenting and trade related intellectual property
rights (TRIPS). General Agreement of Trade and tariff
(GATT). World trade Organisation (WTO). Prevention of
bio - piracy. Role of wild - life sanctuaries, National
Parks. Sacred Groves in Biodiversity Conservation. Red
Data Book - Information on endamgered threatened and
extinct plants and animals. Stratigies for Biodeiversity
Converstion - in situ and ex situ conservation. Role
of WWF - World. WILD LIFE FUND
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