UNIT
I :-
Hides and skins classification - defects in hides and
skins - antemortem and postmortem defects - objects
of - various methods of curing - basic principles involved
in pretenning process - soaking - lining - delining
- pickling - deplickling - degreasing - principles of
tanning - objects of tanning - vegatable tanning - chrome
tanning - alum and aldehyde tanning - oil tanning -
methods of various process - post tanning processes
and mechanical operations carried out in tannery - neutralization
- dyeing - fat Liquoring - finishing.
UNIT
II :-
E.I tanning of Hides and skins - manufacuring of wet
blue from hides and skins - assortment of hides and
skins - manufacture of sole leathers - water proofing
of sole leathers - defects in sole leathers - manafacutre
of harness leathers - saddlery leathers upholstry leathers
- khettai leathers - properties and manafacturing methods
of belting leathers - picking sand leathers - industrial,
wicket keeper and batting gloves - production of parchments
and their uses - hydraulic and mechanical leathers -
oil seed leather - sports goods leathers - cricket ball
- hockey ball and football leathers - principles of
different tanning and post tanning techniques adopted
in light leather production - manafacture of lining
- Uppers - glaced hid - aniline and semi aniline leathers
- production of Suede garment and nappa garment leathers
- glove leathers- chamois leather - fur skins fancy
leathers - Nuback leathers - transfer foil technique
- two tone techniques - oil pull up leathers - Burnish
leathers - patent leathers - upgradation of split leathers.
UNIT
III :-
Histology and Anatomical structure of Hides and skins
- cow, buff, goat and sheep - chemical constituents
of Hides and skins - brief study of various fibrous
and non fibrous proteins, reactions of protein with
acids and bases - Zwitter ion concept - Iso electric
point - thermal shrinking - chemistry and principles
of differrent pretanning processes - vegatable tanning
- occurrence and classification - chemistry of hydrolysable
tannings - condensed tannings study of various vegetable
tanning materials - factors involved in vegetable tanning
- theory and mechanism of vegatable tanning - systems
- their classification - properties and application
of syntans - oil tanning - theory and mechanism of oil
tanning - combination Tannages - chemistry and mechanism
of combination tannages - semichrome and semi alum -
chrome retanning - formaldehyde - and combination tannages
- object and necessity of each unit operation in manafacture
of semichrome leathers - shipping - bleaching - souring
- degreasing.
UNIT
IV :-
Chemistry of chromium complexes - preparation of chrome
liquors - Werner's coordination theory of chromium complexes
- basicity - olation - oxalation - factors affecting
chrome tanning - mechanism of chrome tanning - alum
tanning - chemistry of aluminium salts - theory and
mechanism of alum tanning - chemistry and mechanism
of formaldehyde tanning - Neutralization process for
various types of leathers - Dyes - Definition - Classification
- Application and properties of different types of dyes
- theory and practice of colour matching - practical
aspects of leather dyeing - theory and mechanism of
dyeing - chemistry and application of auxillaries such
as levelling agent, wetting agents, dispersing agents
and dye fixatives - principles of fat liquoring process
- properties, study and application of various fat liquours
like anionic,cationic, multi charge fatliquors- study
of salphoated, sulphited, and bilsulfited fat liquors
- mechanism of fat liquoring-drying of leathers-principles
- drying methods - their merits and demerits - principles
of leather finishing- classification of finishes-leather
finishing materials - pigments - binders - plasticizers
-wax emulsion and their applications - top coat formulation
- lacqure -emulsions - application of finishing auxillaires
such as fillers, matting agents etc.,
UNIT
V :-
Anatomy of human foot - arches of the foot and their
functions - common foot abnormalities - foot parameters
- sizing systems - Tools and material requirements for
shoe construction - Leathers , lase, thread and adhesives
- Basic concepts of design and pattern cutting - grading
-cutting methods different types of upper materials
and their selection - pre closing operations - clicking,
splitting, skiving Edge Treatment etc. various methods
of upper closing - Methods of lasting - Attachment of
bottom components - quality control - Inspection - Boxing
and labelling - classification of leather goods - Types
of materials used to manufacture different types of
Leather goods - Lining - Reinforcement - Threads - adhesives
- Accessories - study related to the manufacture of
coin purse - gents wallet - Ladies Handbag - suitcases
- study of important sports goods viz. Foot ball, Volley
ball, cricket ball and Hockey ball - cost calculation
for various types of leather goods - Inspection and
quality control aspects in various stages of Leather
goods manufacture.
UNIT
VI :-
Principles of material testing - Types of water complete
Analysis of water - Analysis of curing materials - Lime
_sodium sulphide - Delining Acids and salts - Analysis
of Bate - Analysis of pickle liquor - Analysis of vegetable
tanning materials and extracts - Analysis of chrome
liquor - Analysis of oils and fats. Different types
of microscopes - Part of compound microscope - setting
up of a microscope - slide preparation Anatomical study
of Hides and skins - Grain pattern of Hides and skins
- microscopic assessment of leather - fundamentals of
Bacteriology - preparation of various culture media
- Moulds and their differrence from Bacteria. Physical
Testing - sampling and conditioning - physical tests
to be conducted on various types of Leather viz Tensile,
stich bear, tongue bear strength - strechiness - grain
crack and bursting strength - compressability and resilience
test - Hydro thermal stability - Abrasion resistance
- water proofness - Flextural Endurence Test - Light
fastness - Rub fasters - Real and apparent density -
Air and water vapour permiability etc.,
UNIT
VII :-
Location of Tannery - selection of site - Infra structural
facilities required - lay out of different sections
of Tannery construction of pit, provision for sewage,
channels and effluent, treatment plant - Tannery Machines
- General construction and working of various Drums
- Paddles - working of various processing machines used
in Tanneries, such as unhairing, fleshing setting, splitting,
shaving, staking, Buffing, Glezine machines and embossing
press. Principles of scientific management - Functions
of Management Principles of time study - Elements of
production control - forecasting - Planning - Routing
- Scheduling - Despatching - capital costs and Description
- Estimation of capital cost - Manufaturing costs and
working capital - preparation of profit loss account
- Forms of Business organisation - sole proprietor -
partnerships - joint stock campanies - marketing - sales
management - function of sales management - product
research - market research - sales provision - sales
planning - sales animal by products - Types of Tannery
by products - Their nature and composition - present
methods of collection and utilization of animal by products
- Types of Tannery Effluent - characteristics of effluents
from Beem house process, Tanyard process and finishing
yard process - suspended solid-Dissolved solid - B.O.D.
and C.O.D. etc. and specification for discharge of treated
effluent - methods of Treatment - General methods of
primary and secondary treatments.
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