A. Skin Proteins
and Pre-tannages
1 Chemical constituents of hides and skins - Fibrous
and Non - fibrous proteins -structure and Chemical Features.
Reactive groups of Collagen and cross linking.Histological
Characteristics of hides and skins.
2 Preservation techniques - Principles involved - short
term preservation - Defects in hides and skins.
3 Chemistry and Principle of different pretanning processes
like soaking, liming, deliming, bating and pickling.
Different methods of pretanning processes as applied
to light, heavy and industrial leathers.
B. Theory of tannages
1. Types of vegetable tanning materials - Classification,
and Chemistry of vegetable tanning. Mechanism of vegetable
tanning. Synthetic tannins classification General methods
of manufacture and application in leather processing.
Chemistry and mechanism of oil and aldehyde tannages.
2. The Chemistry of Chromium salts. Preparation of Chrome
tanning salts. Mechanism of Chrome tanning.
3. Chemistry and mechanism of Aluminium, Zirconium,
titanium, silicate and Phosphate tannages.
4. Chemistry and mechanism of Combination tannages involving
vegetables tanning materials, aldehydes and other mineral
tanning agents.
C. Leather Auxiliaries
and Post tanning Operations
1. Chemistry of neutralisation and bleaching processes.
2. Classification of dyes and blending of dyes. Chemistry
of dyeing auxiliaries. Theory and mechanism of dyeing.
3. Principles and methods of sulfation, sulfonation
and sulfitation of oils. Preparation of synthetic flat
liquors. Chemistry and mechanism of fatliquoring and
waterproofing.
4. Classification of retanning agents and their application.
5. Chemistry and methods of preparation of aqueous pigment
pastes, lacquers and lacquer emulsion, synthetic and
protein binders and impregnating agents. Patent leather
finishes.
D. Practice of Leather
Manufacture -I
1. Principles and practices involved in the manufacture
of following types of leathers: - E.I. tanning of kips,
buffcalf, cowcalf and Goat and Sheep skins. - Vegetable
tanned sole leather, Chrome sole leather. Sole leather
with improved properties. - Picking band leathers and
pickers. - Dressing of E.I. Leathers into different
finished leathers such as semichrome glazed kid, lining
leathers, garment leathers and diaphragm leathers. -
Kattai and Bunwar leathers. - Speciality leatehrs for
mountaineering shoes, high altitude shoes and pilot
gloves.
2. Role of machinery in leather processing.
PAPER -II
A. Practice of Leather Manufacture - II
1. Processes and principles involved in manufacture
of following types of leather - Processing of Wetblue
leathers - Full Chrome Upper leathers - Upholstry leathers
Lining leathers - Harness, Belting and Saddlery leathers.
- Football, hockey ball, cricket ball and other sports
goods leathers - Chamois leather Fashion garment leathers
- Utility glove leathers.
2. Principle methods and mechanism of drying of leathers.
B. Material Testing
& Quality Control
1. Principles of analytical methods employed for water,
chemical agents used in soaking, liming, deliming, bating,
pickling. Analysis of liquors of beamhouse process,
vegetable tanning extracts, spent tan liquers, chrome
extracts - zirconium and aluminium tanning salts. Formaldehyde
oils and fats - Fatiliquor and other auxiliaries. Estimation
of epsom salt and glucose.
2. Instrumental methods of analysis using potentiometry,
spectrophotometry chromatography, ion exchange resins,
colorimetry.
3. Analysis of vegetable and mineral tanned leathers
- Determination of P C P and azo dyes, (Aryl amine based)
in leather.
4. Principles and methods employed in physical testing
of leathers.
5. Standards and quality control.
C. Leather Product
Technology
1. Footwear:- (a) Anatomy of human feet, foot comfort,
foot care and their relationship to footwear. Foot and
last measurements Shoe sizing and fitting.
(b) Materials used for footwear - Leather and non-leather
materials for upper, sole and components.
(c) Shoe design and pattern making
(d) Grading clicking and closing - skiving - stiching
- lasting, sole attachment - bending and edge treatments.
(e) Construction of cemented and welted shoes machines
used.
2. Leather goods and garments:-
Classification - selection of materials - modern methods
of construction and machinery - Hand tools and grinderies,
zips, linings and fittings - standardisation, quality
control and inventory control.
D. Organisation
and Management of Leatehr Manufacture
1. Livestock population - availability of hides and
skins - marketing of hides/skins.
2. Location, lay-out and selection of machinery for
tanneries manufacturing different types of leathers
- estimates of investment, costing and feasibility report.
3.
Employment generation - training and training institutes
- labour laws for tanneries occupational health and
safety.
4. Export performance - marketing strategies and development
- Features of overseas sales contract - Role of financial
institutions.
5. Role of research, service and development institutions
- newer technology and modernisation - process controls
in leather processing.
6. Type of tanery effluents - characteristics - Different
methods of effluent disposal - primary and secondary
systems - standards and specifications for various types
of disposal - soil waste disposal.
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